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Find out more. The visibility of a profile varies by site and according to user discretion. By default, profiles on Friendster and Tribe.
Alternatively, LinkedIn controls what a viewer might see based on whether she or he has a paid account. Structural variations around visibility and access are one of the primary ways that SNSs differentiate themselves from each other.
See how the following paragraph divides the concept of pressure into four kinds. I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and selfinduced pressure. But there are no villains; only victims. One is to shift back and forth between each item point by point, as in this paragraph contrasting the attention given to a football team and to academic teams. The football players enjoyed the attentions of an enthralled school, complete with banners, assemblies, and even video announcements in their honor, a virtual barrage of praise and downright deification.
As for the three champion academic teams, they received a combined total of around ten minutes of recognition, tacked onto the beginning of a sports assembly.
After all, why should they? See how this approach works in the following example, which contrasts photographs of Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton on the opening day of the baseball season. The next day photos of the Clintons in action appeared in newspapers around the country. The one of Bill Clinton showed him wearing an Indians cap and warm-up jacket. The President, throwing lefty, had turned his shoulders sideways to the plate in preparation for delivery. He was bringing the ball forward from behind his head in a clean-looking throwing action as the photo was snapped.
In preparation for her throw she was standing directly facing the plate. A right-hander, she had the elbow of her throwing arm pointed out in front of her. Her forearm was tilted back, toward her shoulder. The ball rested on her upturned palm. As the picture was taken, she was in the middle of an action that can only be described as throwing like a girl. See how one writer uses analogy to explain the way DNA encodes genetic information. Although the complexity of cells, tissues, and whole organisms is breathtaking, the way in which the basic DNA instructions are written is astonishingly simple.
Like more familiar instruction systems such as language, numbers, or computer binary code, what matters is not so much the symbols themselves but the order in which they appear. In exactly the same way the order of the four chemical symbols in DNA embodies the message. The following paragraph provides brief definitions of three tropical fruits. I walked onto a patio speckled with dark stains, as if the heavens had been spitting down on it.
I looked up; there were the two trees responsible. One was a lollipop mango tree. The other was a nispero tree. Beyond the patio, I saw a mammee tree, which bears large, football-shaped fruit. Here a paragraph weaves together details of background, appearance, and speech to create a vivid impression of Chuck Yeager, the first pilot to break the sound barrier. His father was a gas driller drilling for natural gas in the coalfields , his older brother was a gas driller, and he would have been a gas driller had he not enlisted in the Army Air Force in at the age of eighteen.
In , at twenty, he became a flight officer, i. Even in the tumult of the war Yeager was somewhat puzzling to a lot of other pilots. What was puzzling was the way Yeager talked. He seemed to talk with some older forms of English elocution, syntax, and conjugation that had been preserved uphollow in the Appalachians.
Cookbooks explain many processes step-by-step, as in this explanation of how to pit a mango. The simplest method for pitting a mango is to hold it horizontally, then cut it in two lengthwise, slightly off-center, so the knife just misses the pit. Repeat the cut on the other side so a thin layer of flesh remains around the flat pit. Holding a half, flesh-side up, in the palm of your hand, slash the flesh into a lattice, cutting down to, but not through, the peel.
Carefully push the center of the peel upward with your thumbs to turn it inside out, opening the cuts of the flesh. Then cut the mango cubes from the peel. One such incident that has stayed with me, though I recognize it as a minor offense, happened on the day of my first public poetry reading.
It took place in Miami in a boat-restaurant where we were having lunch before the event. I was nervous and excited as I walked in with my notebook in my hand. An older woman motioned me to her table. Thinking foolish me that she wanted me to autograph a copy of my brand-new slender volume of verse, I went over. She ordered a cup of coffee from me, assuming that I was the waitress.
Easy enough to mistake my poems for menus, I suppose. We shook hands at the end of the reading, and I never saw her again. She has probably forgotten the whole thing but maybe not.
Illustrating a point with one or more examples is a common way to develop a paragraph, like the following one, which uses lyrics as examples to make a point about the similarities between two types of music. On a happier note, both rap and [country-and-western] feature strong female voices as well. Repetition, parallelism, and transitions are three strategies for making paragraphs flow.
One way to help readers follow your train of thought is to repeat key words and phrases, as well as pronouns referring to those key words.
Not that long ago, blogs were one of those annoying buzz words that you could safely get away with ignoring. Unlike a big media outlet, bloggers focus their efforts on narrow topics, often rising to become de facto watchdogs and self-proclaimed experts. Blogs can be about anything: politics, sex, baseball, haiku, car repair. There are blogs about blogs. Predictably, the love of cinema has waned. And wonderful films are still being made. The disease was bubonic plague, present in two forms: one that infected the bloodstream, causing the buboes and internal bleeding and was spread by contact; and a second, more virulent pneumonic type that infected the lungs and was spread by respiratory infection.
The presence of both at once caused the high mortality and speed of contagion. Yolanda, the third of the four girls, became a schoolteacher but not on purpose. For years after graduate school, she wrote down poet under profession in questionnaires and income tax forms, and later amended it to writer-slash-teacher.
Today the used-book market is exceedingly well organized and efficient. Campus bookstores buy back not only the books that will be used at their university the next semester but also those that will not. Those that are no longer on their lists of required books they resell to national wholesalers, which in turn sell them to college bookstores on campuses where they will be required.
This means that even if a text is being adopted for the first time at a particular college, there is almost certain to be an ample supply of used copies. But while a brief, one- or two-sentence paragraph can be used to set off an idea you want to emphasize, too many short paragraphs can make your writing choppy. Opening paragraphs. In the following opening paragraph, the writer begins with a generalization about academic architecture, then ends with a specific thesis stating what the rest of the essay will argue.
Academic architecture invariably projects an identity about campus and community to building users and to the world beyond. Yet in other cases, the architectural language established in surrounding precedents may be more appropriate, even for high-tech facilities.
The bottom line is that drastically reducing both crime rates and the number of people behind bars is technically feasible. Whether it is politically and organizationally feasible to achieve this remains an open question. Sometimes you can rely on established design conventions: in academic writing, there are specific guidelines for headings, margins, and line spacing.
No matter what your text includes, its design will influence how your audience responds to it and therefore how well it achieves your purpose. To keep readers oriented as they browse multipage documents or websites, use design elements consistently.
In a print academic essay, choose a single font for your main text and use boldface or italics for headings. In writing for the web, place navigation buttons and other major elements in the same place on every page. Keep it simple. Resist the temptation to fill pages with unnecessary graphics or animations. Aim for balance. Create balance through the use of margins, images, headings, and spacing. Use color and contrast carefully.
Academic readers usually expect black text on a white background, with perhaps one other color for headings. Make sure your audience will be able to distinguish any color variations in your text well enough to grasp your meaning. Use available templates. To save time and simplify design decisions, take advantage of templates. In Microsoft Word, for example, you can customize font, spacing, indents, and other features that will automatically be applied to your document. Websites that host personal webpages and presentation software also offer templates that you can use or modify.
The following guidelines will help you make those decisions. The fonts you choose will affect how well readers can read your text. Decorative fonts such as should be used sparingly. If you use more than one font, use each one consistently: one for headings, one for captions, one for the main body of your text.
Every common font has regular, bold, and italic forms. Layout is the way text is arranged on a page. An academic essay, for example, will usually have a title centered at the top and one-inch margins all around. Items such as lists, tables, headings, and images should be arranged consistently. Line spacing. In general, indent paragraphs five spaces when your text is double-spaced; either indent or skip a line between paragraphs that are single-spaced.
When preparing a text intended for online use, single-space your document, skip a line between paragraphs, and begin each paragraph flush left no indent.
Use a list format for information that you want to set off and make easily accessible. Number the items when the sequence matters in instructions, for example ; use bullets when the order is not important. Set off lists with an extra line of space above and below, and add extra space between the items on a list if necessary for legibility. White space and margins. To make your text attractive and readable, use white space to separate its various parts. In general, use one-inch margins for the text of an essay or report.
Headings make the structure of a text easier to follow and help readers find specific information. Whenever you include headings, you need to decide how to phrase them, what fonts to use, and where to position them.
Phrase headings consistently. Make your headings succinct and parallel in structure. Whatever form you decide on, use it consistently. Make headings visible. Position headings appropriately. If you are not following a prescribed format, you get to decide where to position the headings: centered, flush with the left margin, or even alongside the text, in a wide lefthand margin. Position each level of head consistently.
In print documents, you can often use photos, charts, graphs, and diagrams. Online or in spoken presentations, your options expand to include video and printed handouts.
A discussion of Google Glass might be clearer when accompanied by this photo. Tables are useful for displaying numerical information concisely, especially when several items are being compared. Presenting information in columns and rows permits readers to find data and identify relationships among the items. Pie charts can be used to show how a whole is divided into parts or how parts of a whole relate to one another.
Percentages in a pie chart should always add up to Plotting the lines together enables readers to compare the data at different points in time. Be sure to label the x and y axes and limit the number of lines to four at the most. Some software offers 3-D and other special effects, but simple graphs are often easier to read. Diagrams and flowcharts are ways of showing relationships and processes. This diagram shows how carbon moves between the Earth and its atmosphere.
Flowcharts can be made by using widely available templates; diagrams, on the other hand, can range from simple drawings to works of art. Avoid clip art. Position images as close as possible to the relevant discussion. Italian Economic Growth Rate, — If you use data to create a graph or chart, include source information directly below.
Large files may be hard to upload without altering quality and can clog email inboxes. Linking also allows readers to see the original context. To include your own video, upload it to YouTube; choose the Private setting to limit access. Be sure to represent the original content accurately, and provide relevant information about the source. Whatever the occasion, you need to make your points clear and memorable.
This chapter offers guidelines to help you prepare and deliver effective presentations. Spoken texts need a clear organization so that your audience can follow you. The beginning needs to engage their interest, make clear what you will talk about, and perhaps forecast the central points of your talk. The ending should leave your audience something to remember, think about, or do. In the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln follows a chronological structure.
A tone to suit the occasion. In a presentation to a panel of professors, you probably would want to avoid too much slang and speak in complete sentences. Slides and other media. Organize and draft your presentation. If in drafting you find you have too many points for the time available, leave out the less important ones. Thank your listeners, and offer to take questions and comments if the format allows.
Consider whether to use visuals. Remember, though, that visuals should be a means of conveying information, not mere decoration. You then offer only a brief introduction and answer questions. What visual tools if any you decide to use is partly determined by how your presentation will be delivered: face to face? You may also have to move furniture or the screen to make sure everyone can see your visuals.
Finally, have a backup plan. Computers fail; the internet may not work. Have an alternative in case of problems.
Presentation software. Here are some tips for writing and designing slides. Use slides to emphasize your main points, not to reproduce your talk.
A list of brief points, presented one by one, reinforces your words; charts and images can provide additional information that the audience can take in quickly. On slides, sans serif fonts like Arial and Helvetica are easier to read than serif fonts like Times New Roman. Your text and illustrations need to contrast with the background.
Dark content on a light background is easier to see and read than the reverse. Decorative backgrounds, letters that fade in and out or dance across the screen, and sound effects can be more distracting than helpful; use them only if they help to make your point. Indicate in your notes each place where you need to advance to the next slide.
Label handouts with your name and the date and title of the presentation. Practice, practice, and then practice some more. Your audience will respond positively to that confidence. If possible, practice with a small group of friends to get used to having an audience. Speak clearly. Pause for emphasis. In writing, you have white space and punctuation to show readers where an idea or discussion ends.
Stand up or sit up straight, and look at your audience. Use gestures for emphasis. To overcome any nervousness and stiffness, take some deep breaths, try to relax, and move your arms and the rest of your body as you would if you were talking to a friend. To read an example presentation, go to digital.
This chapter provides a description of the key elements of an essay that argues a position and tips for writing one. To be arguable, a position must reflect one of at least two points of view, making reasoned argument necessary: file sharing should or should not be considered fair use; selling human organs should be legal or illegal.
Necessary background information. Sometimes, we need to provide some background on a topic so that readers can understand what is being argued. To argue that file sharing should be considered fair use, for example, you might begin by describing the rise in file sharing and explaining fair-use laws. Good reasons. By itself, a position does not make an argument; the argument comes when a writer offers reasons to support the position. You might base an argument in favor of legalizing the sale of human organs on the fact that transplants save lives and that regulation would protect impoverished people who currently sell their organs on the black market.
Convincing evidence. For example, to support your position that fast food should be taxed, you might cite a nutrition expert who links obesity to fast food, offer facts that demonstrate the health-care costs of widespread obesity, and provide statistics that show how taxation affects behavior.
Careful consideration of other positions. No matter how reasonable you are in arguing your position, others may disagree or hold other positions. Widely debated topics such as animal rights or gun control can be difficult to write on if you have no personal connection to them.
Better topics include those that interest you right now, are focused, and have some personal connection to your life. Identify issues that interest you.
Pick a few of the roles you list, and identify the issues that interest or concern you. Try wording each issue as a question starting with should: Should college cost less than it does? Should student achievement be measured by standardized tests? What would be better than standardized tests for measuring student achievement?
This strategy will help you think about the issue and find a clear focus for your essay. Choose one issue to write about. Generating ideas and text. Most essays that successfully argue a position share certain features that make them interesting and persuasive.
Consider what interests you about the topic and what more you may need to learn in order to write about it. It may help to do some preliminary research; start with one general source of information a news magazine or Wikipedia, for example to find out the main questions raised about your issue and to get some ideas about how you might argue it. There are various ways to qualify your thesis: in certain circumstances, under certain conditions, with these limitations, and so on. You need to convince your readers that your thesis is plausible.
Start by stating your position and then answering the question why? This analysis can continue indefinitely as the underlying reasons grow more and more general and abstract. Identify other positions.
Think about positions that differ from yours and about the reasons that might be given for those positions. To refute other positions, state them as clearly and as fairly as you can, and then show why you believe they are wrong. Perhaps the reasoning is faulty or the supporting evidence is inadequate. Acknowledge their merits, if any, but emphasize their shortcomings. Ways of organizing an argument. Alternatively, you might discuss each reason and any counterargument to it together. And be sure to consider the order in which you discuss your reasons.
Usually, what comes last makes the strongest impression on readers, and what comes in the middle makes the weakest impression. End with Give the a call to second action, a reason, with support. To read an example argument essay, go to digital.
This chapter describes the key elements of an essay that analyzes a text and provides tips for writing one. Your readers may not know the text you are analyzing, so you need to include it or tell them about it before you can analyze it. Attention to the context. All texts are part of ongoing conversations, controversies, or debates, so to understand a text, you need to understand its larger context. To analyze the lyrics of a new hip-hop song, you might need to introduce other artists that the lyrics refer to or explain how the lyrics relate to aspects of hip-hop culture.
A clear interpretation or judgment. When you interpret something, you explain what you think it means. In an analysis of a cologne advertisement, you might explain how the ad encourages consumers to objectify themselves. Reasonable support for your conclusions.
You might support your interpretation by quoting passages from a written text or referring to images in a visual text. Most of the time, you will be assigned a text or a type of text to analyze: the work of a political philosopher in a political science class, a speech in a history or communications course, a painting or sculpture in an art class, and so on. You might also analyze three or four texts by examining elements common to all. In analyzing a text, your goal is to understand what it says, how it works, and what it means.
To do so, you may find it helpful to follow a certain sequence for your analysis: read, respond, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions. Read to see what the text says. Start by reading carefully, noting the main ideas, key words and phrases, and anything that seems noteworthy or questionable. Do you find the text difficult? Do you agree with what the writer says? Decide what you want to analyze.
Think about what you find most interesting about the text and why. Does the language interest you? You might begin your analysis by exploring what attracted your notice. Think about the larger context. All texts are part of larger conversations, and academic texts include documentation partly to weave in voices from the conversation.
Does he or she respond to something others have said? Is there any terminology that suggests that he or she is allied with a particular intellectual school or academic discipline? Words like false consciousness or hegemony, for instance, would suggest that the text was written by a Marxist scholar. Consider what you know about the writer or artist. The credentials, other work, reputation, stance, and beliefs of the person who created the text are all useful windows into understanding it.
Write a sentence or two summarizing what you know about the creator and how that information affects your understanding of the text. They emphasize "Western" subjects. Dire claims of the loss of European political history can be overdrawn. But Western antiquity, Judaism and Christianity, and the rise of modern. Moyer and William V. That review was inspired by the ongoing national controversy over whether or not, and how, evo. This will give you.
Cambridge Core is the new academic platform from Cambridge University Press. This user guide provides researchers with step-by-step information on using the platform. Davies, A. Dictionary of English Language Testing. In te grated Ski l l s. The Cambridge Companion to Schubert.
That is, do not use footer template year. Reference components include: author of visual work itself, year of source, title followed in square brackets by type of medium, site name, and URL if retrieved online. All of the examples below include the url to the visual work itself, not to the webpage which has the image of the visual work.
If it will make it easier to find the visual work, you may provide the url of the work itself jpg, etc. This is especially helpful if there are many visual items which appear on a webpage. If the visual work does not have a title, provide description including type of medium see example below. If image of visual work is available online, then include URL to that image. However, if words such as "test" or "scale" is not part of the test or scale title, then do not capitalize that word.
Nursing Code of Ethics. Guidelines and additional examples appear in the Manual Chapter 11 Congressional document For legislative materials such as hearings, provide: title, session of Congress, and year held. URL optional. Unenacted federal bill - retrieved through Congress.
Adapting the example which appears in the APA Manual , 7th ed. Information as it appears online from the State of Michigan Legislative Council:. The board of a school district or intermediate school district that operates or participates in a consortium that operates an alternative educational program pursuant to section , a vocational-technical skills center or other separate vocational education program, or any other type of specialized or alternative school or program shall ensure that the requirements of sections a, a, , and are met for each of those schools or programs.
History: Add. Michigan legislative document For legislative materials such as hearings, provide title, Congress, session, and year. Note that no part of reference entry is italicized. For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc. Paper published in book form of Proceedings, 3 authors format similar to a chapter in an edited book. Paper in proceedings published regularly, 21 or more authors format similar to journal article example had 99 authors.
When content is only available limited circulation from an online source such as monographs provided in ERIC , provide the name of the database in the reference Sections 9.
In the 7th edition of APA Style, the definition of what is considered a published thesis or dissertation has changed. This type of work is considered "unpublished" if it was "retrieved directly from the college or university in print form.
Provide name of repository. The APA Manual 7th ed. Basically, "works that cannot be recovered by readers" Section 8. In the new edition, there is extensive discussion about citing "Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples" pp.
Personal communications do not appear in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows:. Narrative citation: J. Campbell personal communication, October 13, Parenthetical citation: L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, Copyright by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission. Includes articles retrieved from most academic research databases or print version.
Includes print, online, assigned a DOI, and ebook accessed directly from the publisher textbook example. APA Style 7th edition Comprehensive version of above videos ; SD [HD version forthcoming] Shows how to format various types of journal articles, books, webpages, videos, and course materials. APA Style 7th edition: How-to reference articles with DOIs comprehensive This video shows how to format various types of journal articles assigned a DOI, and how to format in-text citations for each of these.
APA Style 7th edition: How-to reference books comprehensive This video shows how to format various types of books without DOIs; with assigned DOIs; textbooks accessed directly from the publisher; with authors; with editors; authored chapters in edited books; authored chapters in books created by authors; contributors who wrote chapters; and where author and publisher are the same. Found the following work while searching one of the Library databases, and retrieved online through direct subscription with publisher.
Disabilities, vol. APA Reference entry 7th edition. DOI assigned. Must include issue number when provided:. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42 2 , Use last name, first and middle initials. For works with one author, list it. For works with 21 or more authors list first 19, an ellipse three dots These are major changes from APA Style 6th edition guidelines.
If the publication year is also used for the volume number, provide that year in the volume position of the reference. New for 7th edition: When issue number is provided, it must be included in the reference.
Include all page numbers where article appears. Do not use sloppy format, such as ; instead write complete range: New for 7th edition: If journal is published online-only and articles are numbered or assigned an eLocator, provide that number preceded by the word: Article.
Unique number assigned to primarily journal articles, and some e-books and e-book chapters. Note that not all articles are assigned a DOI, especially popular magazine and newspaper articles. The DOI always begins with 10 followed by a period and four digits and a slash.
Example: Remaining part of identifier may be all numbers, all letters, or combination of letters and numbers. Must include issue number when provided. October Click here to view APA Manual 7th ed. The following are instructional aids for the seventh edition Publication Manual. They can be used in homes, classrooms, libraries, or anywhere you are learning or teaching APA Style. NMU is an equal opportunity Institution.
Today's hours: am — pm Doors are locked 15 minutes before closing. APA Style 7th Edition. Reference Examples 7th ed. In-text citations 7th ed. Article Reference Explained 7th ed. General notable changes in reference formats 1. Works with authors: List all authors.
Works with 21 or more authors: List first 19, an ellipse, then the last author. Rule 9. Journal Article Wilens, T. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20 4 , Triathlon transition study: Quantifying differences in running movement pattern and precision after bike-run transition.
Sports Biomechanics, 18 2 , — Obermair, A. Effect of total laparoscopic hysterectomy vs total abdominal hysterectomy on disease-free survival among women with stage I endometrial cancer: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 12 , — Monroy, C. Visual habituation in deaf and hearing infants. Norris, E. Virtual field trips as physically active lessons for children: A pilot study. No issue number was provided. Lawrence, J.
Quantification of protoporphyrin IX accumulation in glioblastoma cells: A new technique. Genetics in Medicine, 21 7 , — Kishore, T. Robotic assisted kidney transplantation in grafts with multiple vessels: Single center experience. International Urology and Nephrology. Advance online publication. Skowronski, D. Polack et al. New England Journal of Medicine, Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
How to find assigned DOI. For one article: Check the first page of article usually in smaller print near journal logo, copyright, or near author email address. The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17 4 , How to cite this work in-text: Parenthetical: Williams, Narrative: Williams Direct quote: Williams, , p. Avatar business value analysis: A method for the evaluation of business value creation in virtual commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9 3 , Velchansky, G.
Growing our advocacy potential: How the Michigan Reading Association gets its members involved and expands its literacy presence. Literacy Today, 36 1 , 40— How to cite this work in-text: Parenthetical: Velchansky, Narrative: Velchansky Direct quote: Velchansky, , p. Rizga, K. What school could be if it were designed for kids with autism. The Atlantic.
Note that article does not have section headings: Parenthetical: Rizga, Narrative: Rizga Direct quote: Rizga, , para. Barrera, J.
How Ottawa and a First Nations organization found common ground on fighting youth suicide. Chambers, J. Pamela Good: Breaking the cycle of illiteracy. Detroit News. Von Drehle, D.
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